What
happens to our creativity as we mature?
84%
rank
high in creativity in Kindergarten
10%
rank high in creativity in grade 2
from:
Robert
McGarvey “Creative Thinking” USAIR, June 1990, p. 36
-------------------------------------
The following is from the web site of the United Kingdom Literacy Trust, November 6, 2005
From Glasgow, A conference in March, 2005, by the Scottish Book Trust,
I quote:
"Sir Ken Robinson, chair of the UK Government's report on creativity, education and the economy, described research that showed that young people lost their ability to think in "divergent or non-linear ways", a key component of creativity. Of 1,600 children aged three to five who were tested, 98% showed they could think in divergent ways. By the time they were aged eight to 10, 32% could think divergently. When the same test was applied to 13 to 15-year-olds, only 10% could think in this way. And when the test was used with 200,000 25-year-olds, only 2% could think divergently. . . . Education is driven by the idea of one answer and this idea of divergent thinking becomes stifled.' He described creativity as the 'genetic code' of education and said it was essential for the new economic circumstances of the 21st century." signed: (TESS, 25 March 2005)
source - http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/thinking.html#wither
What
are the reasons children become less creative

Above
is a child's bird drawn from experience and memory

This
child is asked to color workbook birds for math (above)

Birds
drawn by this child after the stereotyping effects of the workbook
These illustrations are taken from: Viktor
Lowenfeld and
W. Lambert Brittain.
Creative and Mental Growth, 6th ed.
1970.
Macmillan, NY. p. 109
recommendations
for avoiding this loss of creativity.
How do I, as a
teacher
work at this?
Recommendations by
Marvin Bartel
- I avoid using stereotyping drawing
guide books, drawing formulas (number of heads in a body), patterns,
coloring books, dot to dot games, etc.
- I encourage
work from real experiences, observations, and imagination, not from imitation ? Experiences are remembered. Observation
simply means that children can look at things and learn to draw them.
Imagination is the unique ability that makes us human. Animals
imitate. Children imitate things to learn uncreative stuff an they
imagine things to practice being creative. Children can color their
own drawings to develop their fine motor skill - no need to give them
coloring books?
- I
provide ample materials and blank
paper, not workbooks and coloring books?
- I motivate with
open questions
questions to encourage innovation. An open questions has
more than one answer. Often
I say, "This part is good. Is there anything else that your picture
needs?" This is a very open question that asks for thinking.
- I ask "thinking" questions - I do not make suggestions - I do not draw for the child.
To remind a child to include ears, I do not say, "Does your girl need
ears?" A thinking question would be, "What kind of music does
your girl like to listen to? How can she hear the music?"
I do not ask, "Does the face need a mouth? I ask, "What is the best
tasting vegetable? How does your boy eat it?"
- I encourage
children to be choice makers. I
have child decide what their work needs. If a child asks
me for help, I help be asking the child to give me several of her
ideas. They I say that these are good ideas, and ask her which one
she likes best.
- I encourage
practice-practice-practice.
- I encourage experimentation
as learning. Instead of showing how something is done, I ask them
to try it several ways (maybe on another piece of paper). I then ask
the the child to select the best idea.
- I affirm and
celebrate mistakes as learning. The lack of mistakes is
an indication of "playing it too safe." Many new ideas emerge
from mistakes and solutions to mistakes.
- I focus attention
to detail such as texture, proportion, counting parts, color changes,
tonal changes, and so on during observation and during experiences
even when the child is not actively drawing. This can happen in many
places such as a nature walk, looking at buildings, studying toys,
visiting an animal, and so on. I use lots of questions. Later, when
drawings are done, they include much more.
- I ask for careful
attention to experiences. Drawings will be richer.
- I ask for conclusions
from observations Review with emphasis on child’s
own observations and experiences
- I emphasize
the importance of previously unlearned tasks by changing
habits of work. "Where do you like to start your
drawing? What happens when you start it at a different place?" What does
this say about freedom? It generally means that assignments must have new requirements and limits, but it does
not show a model to follow.
- I remain open
to and encourage fresh ideas from children
- I encourage
the "What if". . . . . ." questions and use the
"Try it." answer.
Workbooks and coloring
books are probably a fairly small part of the issue.What Other Possible
Reasons are there for a drop from 84 to 10 percent from Kindergarten
to grade two?
other
possible reasons there are
fewer
creative children in second grade than in kindergarten
- The instinct to learn by imitation (maybe
genetic). Imitation has been found to be a very important and
pervasive way for children to learn many things. Creative children
can imitate when they need to, but they are also confident and able
to do use their imaginations
(also instinct) and try things that others have not shown them (take chances).
- Herd instinct (probably
both genetic and environmental). We feel more secure if we agree with
a large group. It requires a strong character to stand alone
and make a choice for what is best or what is right when it is not
popular. We need to reward courage when it happens in a positive way.
- Ridicule from peers (socialization
pressure). For social acceptance, we learn to forgo some of the our
personal and unique habits of thinking and working.
- Obsessive parents (unfulfilled
parents) in their rush to perfect the child, they overcorrect, become
too critical, and discourage mistakes and risk taking.
- Teaching for tests
(self-defeating learning). This may not teach thinking because
it may emphasize factual material rather than thinking and processes
of learning. Link on writing
creative tests.
- Belief that knowing is better than questioning. Many feel
that being "smart" means knowing more. The smartest people, if they
are also creative, can ask important questions to continue the learning
process. Einstein said the imagination is more important than intelligence.
- Advertising and Mass Media (cultural). Children are influenced to fit in by wearing the "right"
cloths. Adverting in a mass media culture seldom encourages individuality as a route
to success.
-
What are the
other reasons
that children seem less creative as they grow
older?
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