Mennonite and Amish Folklore and Folk Arts

A selected bibliography

August 2007

Ervin Beck

Professor Emeritus of English

Goshen College

Goshen,Indiana

 

With thanks to Lon Sherer, Linda Kimpel and Linda Rouch for technical assistance.

To suggest corrections or additions to this bibliography, e-mail: ervinb@goshen.edu

Foreword

Because so many elements of Amish and Mennonite culture are transmitted orally or by customary example, it is often difficult to draw the line between folk and other spheres of Mennonite and Amish culture. Although this bibliography is of necessity selective, it errs in the direction of inclusivity. Some principles used in selecting items for the bibliography include the following:

Secondary reports/analyses prevail, although primary sources are sometimes included for under-researched areas. Similarly, every effort has been made to include all available scholarly studies, although many popular sources are also included.

The bibliography is relatively complete for items published since 1980; less complete for earlier years. A few items lack important bibliographical information; the compiler welcomes corrections by e-mail.

The bibliography does not include items on the Hutterites, nor on Mennonites or Amish in Europe — unless such items deal with aspects of culture that have also been brought to North America. Nor does the bibliography include cookbooks.

The borderline between folk and sociological and anthropological studies is problematic. Some sociological and anthropological studies are included, especially if they appear in the annual bibliographies for Folklore published by the Modern Language Association.

Outline of the Bibliography

A. Architecture

B. Beliefs and superstitions

C. Buggies

D. Carvings (wood and stone)

E. Clocks

F. Costumes (including hairstyle)

G. Coverlets

H. Crafts (including occupational)

I. Customs

J. Foods

K. Fraktur

L. Furniture and household furnishings

M. Games and toys

N. Language

O. Legends and Oral History

P. Medicine

Q. Museums

R. Music and Songs

S. Names

T. Needlework

U. Paintings

V. Paper-cuttings

W. Pottery

X. Preaching

Y. Proverbs

Z. Proxemics

AA. Quilts

BB. Rhymes

CC. Tales and Jokes

DD. General/Mixed genres

 

A. Architecture

“Barn Raising at Metamora: A Photographic Essay.” Material Culture (Spring 1989), 47- 56.

Bartel, Lois Franz. “A Pioneer Home.” Mennonite Life (Oct. 1962), 162-66.

Boyer, Bruce. “Patterns in Brick.” Americana (Jan.-Feb.1982), 59.

Bucher, Robert C. and Isaac Clarence Kulp, Jr. “Bau-Typen in Goschenhoppen; Eighteenth Century Building Types in Goschenhoppen; a Preliminary Architectural Survey.” The Goschenhoppen Region (1969-1970). 57 pp.

Burkholder, Harry L. The Strasbourg Meeting House. Washington, Pa.: Franklin Mennonite Historical Committee, 1964.

Burns, Deborah Stephens. Pennsylvania Architecture: The Historic American Buildings Survey... Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 2000.

Ensminger, Robert F. “A Comparative Study of Pennsylvania and Wisconsin Forebay Barns.” Pennsylvania Folklife 32 (Spring 1983), 98-114.

__________. The Pennsylvania Barn: Its Origin, Evolution and Distribution in North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1992.

__________. “A Search for the Origin of the Pennsylvania Barn.” Pennsylvania Folklife 30 (Winter 1980-81), 50-71.

Friesen, Rudy P. with Sergey Shmakin. Into the Past: Buildings of the Mennonite Commonwealth. Winnipeg: Roduga, 1996.

Friesen, Steve. A Modest Mennonite Home. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990.

Godshall, Jeffrey L. “The Traditional Farmhouse of the Franconia Mennonite Community.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (Jan. 1983), 22-25.

Kauffman, Henry J. Architecture of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, 1700-1900. Lancaster, Pa.: The Author, 1992.

Keen, R. Martin. “Community and Material Culture among Lancaster Mennonites: Hans Hess from 1717 to 1733.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (Jan. 1990), 2-25.

Knoop, Fred. “Master Farmers in Lancaster Co.Mennonite Life (Jan. 1947), 17-23, 43.

Krahn, Cornelius, Don E. Smucker and George Stonebach. [On church architecture.] Educational News Bulletin [Newton, KS] (Feb. 1955).

Lay, K. Edward. “European Antecedents of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Germanic and Scots-Irish Architecture in America.” Pennsylvania Folklife (Autumn 1982), 2-43.

Ledohowski, Edward M. and David K. Butterfield. Architectural Heritage: Traditional Mennonite Architecture in the Rural Municipality of Stanley. Winnipeg: Department of Culture, Heritage and Recreation Province of Manitoba, 1990.

Lestz, Gerald. “Introduction.” Lancaster County Architecture 1700-1850. Lancaster, Pa.: Historical Preservation Trust of Lancaster County, 1992.

Lounsberry, Lorrain. “The Farm Home.” Mennonite Traditional Arts of the Waterloo Region and Southern Ontario: A Historical Review. Kitchener, Ont.: Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery, 1974. Exhibition Catalogue.

[Mennonite Church Architecture Special Issue.] Mennonite Quarterly Review 73:2 (April 1999).

—John Janzen, “Anabaptist-Mennonite Spaces and Places of Worship,” 151-65.

—Leonard Gross, “Building the House of the Lord: Hutterian Architecture as an Expression of the Christian Faith,” 178-92.

—Gradon Snyder, “Christian Meeting Places, Constantinian Basilicas and Anabaptist Restorationism,” 167-77.

—Reinhild Kauenhover Janzen, “Door to the Spiritual: The Visual Arts in Anabaptist-Mennonite Worship,” 367-90.

—John Janzen, “Form and Meaning in Central Kansas Mennonite Buildings for Worship,” 323-53.

—Sebastian Schritt, “Heinrich Johann Freyse’s Renovation of the Krefeld Mennonite Church,” 193-214.

—Keith Sprunger, “History and Theology,” 306-22.

—John Ruth, “‘Only a House . . . Yet It Becomes’: Some Mennonite Traditions of Worship Space,” 235-56.

—Rudy Friesen, “Places of Worship in the Russian Mennonite Commonwealth: Expressions of Conformity, Contradiction and Change,” 257-85.

—Galen Horst-Martz, “Restoring the Germantown Mennonite Meetinghouse: A Process,” 303-5.

—Harold Funk, “Today’s Church Buildings in the Anabaptist-Mennonite Tradition,” 355-66.

—Robert Kreider, “What Then Is the Anabaptist-Mennonite Architecture of Worship and Meeting?” 391-99.

—Piet Visser, “‘Wherever Christ is Among Us We Will Gather’: Mennonite Worship Places in the Netherlands,” 215-33.

—Peter Klassen, “Worship and Churches in the Development of Mennonite Settlements in Paraguay and Brazil,” 286-302.

Miller, Levi, ed. The Meetinghouse of God’s People: Essays on Mennonite Church Architecture. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Publishing House, 1977.

Musselman, V. Gerald. “Architecture and Our Faith.” Mennonite Life (Oct. 1965), 159- 67.

Newswanger, Everett R. “Two Triple-Decker Barns, One Historic Grist Mill: --and Snippets of Amish and Mennonite Beliefs.  [Lancaster, PA:  The Author, c. 2005].

Petterson, Nancy-Lou. The Tramp Room. Waterloo, ON: Friends of Joseph Schneider Haus and Wilfred Laurier. U. Press, 1999.

Patterson, Nancy-Lou and Susan Burke. “Mennonite Georgian: The Joseph Schneider Haus, Kitchener, Ontario.” [periodical?] (Nov.-Dec. 1983).

Ravensway, Charles van. The Arts and Architecture of the German Settlements in Missouri. Columbia: U. of Missouri Press, 1977.

Reimer, John C. and Julius G. Toews. “Mennonite Buildings.” Mennonite Memories: Settling in Western Canada. Ed. Lawrence Klippenstein and Julius G. Toews. Winnipeg: Centennial Publications, 1977. 114-18.

Reitz, Thomas A. “The Peter Martin House Restoration: A Photographic Essay.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (July 1991), 2-9.

Reynolds, Margaret Clark. “Assimilation and Acculturation in a Pennsylvania-German Landscape: The Nisley Family and Its Architecture in the Lower Swatara Creek Basin.” Thesis, Pennsylvania State U., 1992.

__________. “A Chronicle in Stone and Wood: The Magdalena House and the River Brethren.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (July 1993), 2-10.

Ruth, Phil Johnson. Fifteen Most Historic Properties in Lower Salford Township, Montgomery County, PA. Harleysville, Pa.: Lower Salford Historical Society, 1990. 19 pp.

Sawatsky, Tamara A. “The Dutch Windmill as Icon of Russian Mennonite Heritage.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 79.2 (April 2005), 191-206.

Schmidt, Richard H. “The Hochfeld Village.” Mennonite Life (March 1985), 12-16.

Schneider, David B. Foundations in a Fertile Soil: Farming and Farm Buildings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pa.: Historic Preservation Trust of Lancaster County, 1994.

Schreiber, William I. “The Pennsylvania Dutch Bank Barn in Ohio.” Journal of the Ohio Folklore Society (Spring 1967), 15-28.

Scott, Stephen. Amish Houses and Barns. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1992.

Shoemaker, Alfred. “Pennsylvania German Barns.” Mennonite Life (Oct. 1951), 6-11.

Stauffer, Harry Franklin. “Pennsylvania German Countryside.” Der Reggeboge 17 (1983), 1-32. Photo essay.

Stevens, Bryan J. “The Swiss Bank House Revisited: Messerschmidt-Dietz Cabin.” Pennsylvania Folklife (Winter 1980-81), 78-86.

Stucky, Brian D. “Alexanderwohl Architecture.” Mennonite Life (March 1986), 16-23.

Back to Outline

B. Beliefs and Superstitions

Beck, Ervin. “Mennonite Origin Tales and Beliefs.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 64:1 (Jan. 1990), 32-48.

Doering, John Frederick. “Note on the Dyeing of the Halb Leinich among the Pennsylvania Dutch of Ontario.” Journal of American Folklore 52 (1939), 124-25.

Enninger, Werner. “The Social Construction of Past, Present and Future in the Written and Oral Texts of the Old Order Amish: An Ethno-Semiotic Approach to Social Belief.” Literary Anthropology. Ed. Fernando Poyatos. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1988. 195-256.

Fogel, Edwin Miller. Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans (2nd ed., rev.). Millersville, Pa.: Center for Pennsylvania-German Studies, 1995.

Geiger, Annamaria. “Communication in American Contexts of Religion: Old Order Amish vs. Born-Agains.” Internal and External Perspectives on Amish and Mennonite Life II. Ed. Werner Enninger, et al. Essen: U. of Essen, 1986. 148-69.

Lee, Daniel B. Old Order Mennonites: Rituals, Beliefs and Community. Chicago: Burnham, 2000.

Shoemaker, Alfred L. “Amish Folk-Beliefs.” Pennsylvania Dutchman (Sept. 1952), 3-4. Selection from his novel The Amishman.

__________. “Water Witching.” Pennsylvania Dutchman (Fall 1961), 25-27. On Amishman David K. Stoltzfus.

__________. Three Myths about the Pennsylvania Dutch Country: Hex Signs; Seven Sours and Seven Sweets; the Amish Blue Gate. Lancaster, Pa.: Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Centre, Franklin and Marshall College, 1951.

Smith, George. “Amish Folk-Beliefs.” Pennsylvania Dutchman (Sept. 1953), 3-4.

Wentz, Richard E. Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1993.

Zook, Lee. “The Amish in America: Conflicts between Cultures.” Journal of American Culture 12:4 (Winter 1989), 29-33.

Back to Outline

C. Buggies

Brown, Waln K. “The Pennsylvania Dutch Carriage Trade.” Pennsylvania Folklife 23 (Spring 1973), 22-36.

Kurtz, Karen B. “His Wheels Roll On.” Heritage Country (Spring-Summer 1985), 23-24.

Scott, Stephen. Plain Buggies: Amish, Mennonite, and Brethren Horse-Drawn Transportation. Lancaster, Pa.: Good Books, 1981.

Back to Outline

D. Carvings and Sculpture

Barba, Preston A. Pennsylvania German Tombstones. Breinigsville: Pennsylvania German Society, 1954.

Bellafiore, Sharyn, and T. J. Redclay. Amish Farm Animals. Gettysburg, Pa.: Americana Souvenirs and Gifts, 1992.

Burke, Susan. “Jacob Roth: Folk Artist.” Kitchener, ON: Joseph Schneider Haus, 1989. Exhibit pamphlet.

Hanks, Carole. Early Ontario Gravestones. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1974.

Kobayashi, Terry. “Folk Art in Wood.” Canadian Antiques and Art Review (March 1980), 26-30.

__________. “Fred Hoffman (1844-1926): Waterloo County Itinerant Woodcarver.” Waterloo Historical Society Annual Report (1981), 111-26.

__________. “David B. Horst (1873-1975): St. Jacobs Woodcarver.” Waterloo County Historical Society Annual Report (1977), 78-92.

Neal, Avon, and Ann Parker. Ephemeral Folk Figures. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969.

Patterson, Nancy-Lou. “Death and Ethnicity: Swiss-German Mennonite Gravestones of the ‘Pennsylvania Style’ (1804-54) in the Waterloo Region, Ontario.” Mennonite Life (Sept. 1982), 4-7.

Waltner, Lena. “Woodcarving Elma Waltner.” Mennonite Life (April 1952), 63-64.

Wootten, Richard. David L. Hostetler, the Carver. Athens, O.: Ohio U. Press, 1992.

Wust, Klaus. Folk Art in Stone. Edinburgh, Va.: Shenandoah History, 1970.

Zehner, Olive G. “Amish Sculpture.” Pennsylvania Dutchman (1956-57), 20-21.

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E. Clocks

“Clock Restorations Mark Passage of Time.” The Mennonite 10 Jan. 2000.

Gibbs, James W. “Religious Sect Clockmakers, Part 1.” National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Bulletin 167 (Dec. 1973), 44-47; “Part 2.” 168 (Feb. 1974), 168-74.

Janzen, Reinhild Kauenhoven. “Keeping Faith and Keeping Time: Old Testament Images on Mennonite Clocks.” Mennonite Life 55:4 (Dec. 2000) http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/

Kroeger, Arthur. “Kroeger Clocks.” Winnipeg: [n.p., n.d.]. 20 pp. Mimeographed copy in Mennonite Historical Library, Goshen, Indiana.

Kroeker, Wally. “Marking Time.” Mennonite Historical Bulletin 60:3 (July 1999), 14-16.

Peters, John W. “Russian Wall Clocks Built Again.” Festival Quarterly (Feb.-April 1980), 22.

Wood, Stacy B. Clockmakers and Watchmakers of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pa.: Lancaster County Historical Society, 1995.

Wood, Stacy B. C., Jr., and Stephen E. Kramer III. Clockmakers of Lancaster County and their Clocks, 1750-1850. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.

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F. Costume

Arthur, Linda Boynton. “Cloth, Constraint and Creativity: The Engendering of Material Culture Among the Holdeman Mennonites.” Conrad Grebel Review 17:3 (Fall 1999), 32-51.

__________. “Clothing Is a Window to the Soul: The Social Control of Women in a Holdeman Mennonite Community.” Journal of Mennonite Studies 15 (1997), 11-30.

Baldwin, Sioux. “Amish Plain Costume; a Matter of Choice.” Pennsylvania Folklife 19 (1970), 10-17.

Boynton, Linda. “Attire as an Expression of Roles among Holdeman Mennonite Women.” Women in Anthropology Symposium Papers, 1980-81. Sacramento: Sacramento Anthropological Society, 1983.

Brunk, Teresa. Sewing for Conservative Men. Harrisonburg, Va.: Christian Light, 1994.

Emerson, Catherine L. West. “Clothing the Pennsylvania Mennonite Woman in the Eighteenth Century.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (April 1997), 2-19.

Enninger, Werner. “Clothing.” International Encyclopedia of Communications I. Ed. Erik Barnouw, et al. New York: Oxford U. Press, 1989. 305-12.

__________. “The Design Features of Clothing Codes: The Functions of Clothing Displays in Interaction.” Ars Semeiotics 8:1/2 (1985), 81-110.

__________. “The Semiotic Structure of Amish Folk Costume: Its Function in the Organization of Face-to-face Interaction.” Multimedia Communication I. Ed. Ernest W.B. Hess-Luttich. Tubingen: Gunter Narr, c1982.

__________. “Structural and Pragmatic Properties of Grooming and Garment Grammars.” Semiotics Unfolding 1 (1984), 467-75.

Genret, Ellen J. Rural Pennsylvania Clothing. York, Pa.: George Shumway, 1976.

Gingerich, Melvin. “Change and Uniformity in Mennonite Attire.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 70 (Oct. 1966), 243-59.

__________. Mennonite Attire Through Four Centuries. Breinigsville, Pa.: Pennsylvania German Society, 1970.

Graybill, Beth E. “‘To Remind Us of Who We Are’: An Ethnographic Exploration of Women’s Dress and Gender Roles in a Conservative Mennonite Community.” (Master’s Thesis, U. of Maryland, 1995).

Hamilton, Jean A. aand Jana M. Hawley. “Sacred Dress, Public Worlds: Amish and Mormon Experiences and Commitment.” In Religion, Dress and the Body, ed. Linda Arthur. Oxford: Berg, 1999. 31-51.

Hershey, Mary Jane. “A Study of the Dress of the Old Mennonites of the Franconia Conference, 1700-1953.” Pennsylvania Folklife (Summer 1958), 24-47.

Hostetler, John A. “Amish Costume: Its European Origins.” The American-German Review (Aug.-Sept. 1956), 11-14.

Huyett, Laura. “Straw Hat Making Among the Old Order Amish.” Pennsylvania Dutchman (Fall 1961), 40-41.

Klees, Frederic. “Bonnets and Broadbrims.” Saturday Evening Post 26 Jan. 1957, 22- 23.

Legoues, Thierry. “Fundamentals Now and Always.” Harper’s Bazaar 3381 (Aug. 1993), 158-64.

McGrath, William. “Why I Wear a Beard.” Hayesville, N.C.: The Author, 1968.

__________. Why We Wear Plain Clothes. Minerva, O.: The Author, 1981.

Miller, E. Jane. “Origin, Development and Trends of the Dress of the Plain People of Lancaster County.” Thesis, Cornell U., 1943.

Nystrom, Dick. “The Amish Aesthetic.” Esquire 120:2 (Aug. 1993), 107.

Plancke, Fritz. “The Evolution of Clothing Trends Among the Amish: An Interpretation.” Internal and External Perspectives on Amish and Mennonite Life, I. Ed. Werner Enninger. Essen: Unipress, 1984.

Regier, Amy. “Revising the Plainness of Whiteness.” Mennonite Life [online] 57:2 (June 2002).

Umble, John. “Memoirs of an Amish Bishop.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 22 (April 1948), 94-115.

Von Unwerth, Ellen. “The Great Plain.” Vogue 183:8 (Aug. 1993), 278-92.

Weaver, Laura. “Forbidden Fancies: A Child’s Version of Mennonite Plainness.” Mennonite Life (June 1988), 20-23.

__________. “Plain Clothes Revisited: Empathy for Muslim Women.” Mennonite Life [online] 57:2 (June 2002).

__________. “Writing about the Covering and Plain Clothes as a Mennonite ‘Family Possession.’” Mennonite Life (Dec. 1994), 4-7.

__________. “When the Strings Go, Everything Goes: The Metamorphosis of a Mennonite Cap.” Mississippi Folklore Register 21 (Spring-Fall 1987), 41-54.

Weiser, Frederick S. “The Clothing of the “White Top” Amish of Central Pennsylvania.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 21:3 (July 1998), 2-10.

Yoder, Don. “The Costumes of the ‘Plain People.’” Pennsylvania Dutchman (Aug. 1952), 6-7.

__________. “Folk Costume.” Folklore and Folklife. Ed. Richard M. Dorson. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1972. 293-323.

__________. “Men’s Costumes Among the Plain People.” Pennsylvania Dutchman (Easter 1953), 6-9.

__________. “Sectarian Costume Research in the United States.” Forms Upon the Frontier. Ed. Austin E. Fife. Logan, Ut.: Utah State U. Press, 1969.

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G. Coverlets

Anderson, Clarita. American Coverlets and Their Weavers... Including a Dictionary of More Than 700 Coverlet Weavers. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2002.

__________. “Ohio Coverlets in the Stuck Collection.” Antiques (March 1995), 418-27.

Bird, Michael S. “Friedrich K. Ploethner (1826-1883): Cabinet-maker and Weaver.” Canadian Collector (May/June 1980), 28-32.

Bixel, Phyllis. “Pennsylvania German Coverlets.” Mennonite Life (Oct. 1950), 34.

Burnham, Harold B. and Dorothy K. Burnham. “Keep Me Warm One Night”: Early Handweaving in Eastern Canada. Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1972.

Heisy, John W., comp. A Checklist of American Coverlet Weavers. Williamsburg, Va.: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1978.

Hersh, Tandy and Charles Hersh. Rural Pennsylvania German Weaving 1833-1857; and the Christian Frey and Henry Small, Jr. Patterns Books. Carlisle, PA: Authors, 2001.

Montgomery, Pauline. Indiana Coverlet Weavers and Their Coverlets. Indianapolis: Hoosier Heritage Press, 1974.

__________. “Master Coverlet Weavers of Indiana.” Yearbook of the Society of Indiana Pioneers. Indianapolis: Hoosier Heritage Press, 1974.

Rabb, Kate Milner. “Indiana Coverlets and Coverlet Weavers.” Indiana Historical Society Publications, 6:8 Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1928.

Reinert, Guy F. “Coverlets of the Pennsylvania Germans.” Yearbook of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, 13. Allentown, Pa.: Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, 1949.

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H. Crafts

Barrick, Mac E. “David Stoner: Notes on a Neglected Craftsman.” Pennsylvania Folklife (Winter 1970-71), 16-20.

Butler, J. D. “The Mennonite Stove.” Mennonite Life (Oct. 1949), 16-17.

“Consider the Ancient Water Wheel Life.” Countryside & Small Stock Journal 80:4 (July/Aug. 1996), 55.

Gingerich, Melvin. “Mint Farming in Northern Indiana.” Mennonite Life (Oct. 1949), 40- 41.

Glick, Maggie. “Horses with Heart.” Heritage Country (Spring-Summer 1985), 18-20.

Haverstick, Tony. “Pennsylvania German Bookbinding and Anabaptist Bookbinders.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 23:3 (July 2000), 8-14.

Hawn, Carleen. “A Second Parting of the Red Sea.” Forbes 161:5 (Mar. 1998), 138-42.

Hollands, Mara. “Garden to Table: Continuity and Change in the Gardens of Waterloo’s Mennonites.” From Pennsylvania to Waterloo. Ed. Susan M. Burke and Matthew H. Hill. Kitchener, Ont.: Joseph Schneider Haus, 1991.

Homan, Wayne E. “How Kansas Got Winter Wheat.” Liberty (Jan.-Feb. 1971), 20-21.

Keyser, Alan G. “Gardens and Gardening Among the Pennsylvania Germans.” Pennsylvania Folklife 20 (Spring 1971), 2-15.

Lasansky, Jeannette. “Pennsylvania-German Round-Rod Oak Baskets.” Antiques (April 1984), 886-95.

Lockwood, Annette. “Amish Cottage Industries.” Pennsylvania Folklife 41:2 (Winter 1991-92), 95-96.

Long, Amos. “Bakeovens in the Pennsylvania Folk-Culture.” Pennsylvania Folklife (Dec. 1964), 16-29.

__________. The Pennsylvania German Family Farm. Breinigsville, Pa.: The Pennsylvania German Society, 1972.

Luthy, David. “Martin Printers.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 51 (April 1977), 152-62.

__________. “Metal Initial and Date Plates on Amish and Mennonite Books.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (Jan. 1984), 2-8.

O’Connor, Malachi S. “The Ethics of Craftsmanship among the Lancaster County Amish.” Craft and Community: Traditional Arts in Contemporary Society. Ed. Shalom D. Staub. Philadelphia: Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1988. 87-98.

Patterson, Nancy-Lou. “Mennonite Gardens.” Canadian Antiques (Sept. 1980), 36-39.

Schmidt, Orlando. “Mennonite Organ Builders You May Not Know.” Festival Quarterly (Nov.-Dec. 1978, Jan. 1979), 31.

Schultz, Carolyn, and Adelia Stuckey. Wheat Weaving Made Easy. North Newton, Kan.: Mennonite Press, 1977.

Shenton, Donald R. “The Balance of the Sowing of the Seed.” Keystone Folklore Quarterly (Winter 1956-57).

Teichroew, Allan. “As Far as the Eye Can See: Some Depression Photos of Mennonite Farmers.” Mennonite Life (Sept. 1978), 4-15.

Waltner, Willard, and Elma Waltner. Year Round Hobbycraft. New York: Lantern Press, 1968.

Wandel, Johanna. “An Analysis of Stability and Change in an Old Order Mennonite Farming System in Waterloo Region, Ontario.” Diss., U. of Guelph, 1995.

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I. Customs

“The Amish at Auction.” Country Living 14:4 (Apr. 1991), 84-5.

“Amish Raise a Barn.” Life 29 Aug. 1949, 30.

Beck, Herbert H. “Mennonite Wedding.” Pennsylvania Dutchman 5 Feb. 1954, 2.

Bernstein, Barbara E. “A Cross-Cultural Study of Sixth-Graders’ New Year’s Resolutions; Middle Class Versus Mennonite and Amish Youth.”   Social Behavior and Personality 5:2 (1977): 209-15.

Blum, Peter C. “Heidegger’s Shoes and Beautiful Feet: Ritual Meaning and Cultural Portability.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 79:1 (January 2005), 89-108.

Brednich, Rolf Wilhelm. The Bible and the Plow: The Lives of a Hutterite Minister and a Mennonite Farmer. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1981.

“Christmas Memories.” Festival Quarterly (Nov.-Dec.1978, Jan. 1979), 16-17.

Cressman, Arnold. “Can Anything Be Learned From the Lot?” Festival Quarterly (Feb.- April 1981), 13-19.

Denlinger, Rhoda Horning. “Metzler’s School, Then and Now.” Pennsylvania Folklife (Autumn 1988), 14-23.

“Dis-quest: Symbols: What Symbols are Important to Your Group?” Festival Quarterly (Aug.-Oct. 1980), 20-21.

Gougler, Richard C. “Amish Barn-Raising.” Pennsylvania Folklife 21 (1972 Supp.), 14-18.

__________. “Amish Weddings.” Pennsylvania Folklife 20 (Folk Festival Issue 1973), 12-13.

__________. “The Amish Wedding.” Pennsylvania Folklife 30 (Summer 1981), 14-16.

__________. “The Shunning.” Pennsylvania Folklife 28 (1979 Supp.), 6-7.

Grider, Donald M. “The Philopena Album of Harriet Musser Grider (1837-1923) of West Hempfield Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (Jan. 1997), 30-39.

Hampton, Wilborn. “A Country Horse Auction.” New York Times 15 Sept. 1996, XX8.

Hark, Ann. “Amish Christmas.” American-German Review (Dec. 1959/Jan. 1960).

Horst, Isaac R. A Separate People: An Insider’s View of Old Order Mennonite Customs and Traditions. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2000.

Hostetler, John A. “The Amish Use of Symbols and their Function in Bounding the Community.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1963), 11-22.

Hurd, James P. “Marriage Practices Among the ‘Nebraska’ Amish of Mifflin County.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (April 1997), 20-24.

Huxman, Susan Schultz and Gerald Biesecker-Mast.  In the World but not of It:  Mennonite Traditions as Resources for Rhetorical Invention.“   Rhetoric and Public Affairs 7:4 (Winter 2004):  539-54.

Janzen, Reinhild Kauenhoven. “‘To Help Us Think of God’: Iconic Versus Anti-Iconic Mennonite Celebrations of Christmas and Easter in Kansas.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 79.2 (April 2005), 207-30.

Jentsch, Theodore W. “Kutztown’s Plain People.” Pennsylvania Folklife (1978 Supp.), 8-11.

Kauffman, Dave. “A Day on the Bread Route: A Letter from Dave Kauffman.” Heritage Country (Fall-Winter 1983), 6-7.

Kraus, Jetta. Jacob’s Ladder: Einfluss der Religion auf das Alltagsleben einer Old Order Amisch-Gemeinde in Ohio/USA. Frankfurt: fin-Druck, Kachew, 1993.

Kniss, Fred. Disquiet in the Land: Conflict over Ideas and Symbols among American Mennonites, 1870-1985. Diss., U. of Chicago, 1992.

Kreider, Robert. “Four Moments of Worship Around the World.” Festival Quarterly (Feb.-April 1981), 12-14.

Kulp, Isaac Clarence, Jr. “Christmas Customs of the Goschenhoppen Region.” The Goschenhoppen Region (Allen Heil Issue 1968), 4-11.

Lasansky, Jeannette. A Good Start: The Aussteier or Dowry. Lewisburg, Pa.: Oral Traditions, 1990.

Lee, Daniel. Old Order Mennonites: Rituals, Beliefs, and Community. Chicago: Burnham, 2000.

Liechty, Joseph C. “Humility.” Mennonite Quarterly Review 54 (Jan. 1980), 5-32.

Ludwig, G. M. “Barn Raising Modern Version.” Iowa’s Farm and Home Register 2 Oct. 1949, 4-H.

Macnaughton, Elizabeth. “Farming among Old Order Mennonites of Ontario in the Early Twentieth Century.” Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage (July 1991), 10-17.

Martin, Aaron. “Courtship and Marriage Practices of Lancaster County Mennonites.” Mennonite Life (Jan. 1962), 31-35.

Miller, R.M. “New Holland Horse Auction.” Western Horseman (Nov. 1988), 1.

Mountain Lake Gopher Historians. Off the Mountain