Observation
Drawing
For a related essay see: Motivating Non Drawers
See a page on teaching Shading

The O bjectives:
  • Practice observation drawing because children who gain drawing confidence through observation practice will less likely have the crisis of confidence.  A crisis of confidence  about drawing tends to extend to other aspects of art and is very common among children and adults in our society.
  • Encourage creative work habits
  • Change habits of work by selecting things that can not easily drawn from memory
  • Learn about significant art history, art criticism, and aesthetics
NOTE:  To assure observation, do not show any examples or any artwork from art history until near the end of the lesson after the students have completed their own work.
Age and G rade Level
This is a good lesson for grades three to adult.  This lesson is best above second grade, but younger children do well with it if the blinder is not used. Younger children do well if they are encouraged to study each shape carefully before drawing it.  I find that it is okay to encourage them to make lots of mistakes and draw over the mistakes so they can learn more.  I tell them that I always make mistakes when I am learning a new thing.  That is how I learn it.  I tell them that when they are finished, they may erase the parts that are not as good, but leave the lines they like best.  These instructions help them overcome the fear of failure.

M edia

  • Distribute the materials before discussing the process and giving drawing directions.  This is avoids disrupting them when they are ready to start working.
  • Use any drawing media that students are already familiar with.  Select paper that is large enough for the drawing tools and art media being used.  For charcoal, pastels, oil pastels and paints you could use 12 x 18 or larger.  If they work with drawing pencils, ink, ball point, or with small brushes, use a smaller size so it does not take too long. This might depend on the the age and prior experience of the students.
Review and Introduce
The teacher briefly reviews previous lessons that have been similar or related to this lesson.  The teacher gives a brief introduction and explains what is going ot happen and explains a few things that will be practiced and  learned in this lesson.  In this lesson the rabbit was kept secret and hidden until it was used.  This avoided any distraction before they were ready to draw it.
Preliminary Warm-up
  • Students place their 6B soft lead drawing pencils through a hole in the middle of 7 x 7 inch card which serves as a blinder preventing the temptation to look at their paper.
  • The class does some warm-up practice blind contour drawings of something they have never seen before . Here a piece of soft aluminum cable is used because it can easily be bent into new shapes and it is easy to follow because it is linear.
By using an unfamiliar subject, the teacher can be confident that students will not draw from memory, but they will actually want to observe the lines and shapes they see.
  • Here a pet rabbit is allowed to roam the room.  The rabbit becomes the subject of more practice blind contour drawings.
  • Students are asked to continue their lines when the rabbit moves, allowing unconventional renderings.  This gives them "permission" to make "individual" renditions.
  • Below is a sheet of these practice observations.


A live animal is very engaging and creates very strong attention and motivation.  We are naturally drawn to animals.  They are probably one of the best subjects to use for an art assignment.

Teachers need to check to be sure no children in the class have an allergy to a particular animal and they need to make sure school policies do not prohibit animals.

Final Project
  • Students use a new sheet of drawing paper.
  • They are asked to make a larger drawing and attempt of fill the paper.
  • They are allowed to try several times until they get an outline they like.
  • Using crayons, they are encouraged to add the texture and tone (values) they observe.



The drawing below by a third grade student is unique in that the student drew the whole scene including the children on the floor, the teacher standing on the left and the camera on a tripod at the right.

This drawing by a third grade student shows that the student felt free to start three times, each time making an observational improvement.
Displaying Work
Be inclusive and educational.
  • Include every child's work each time or at least use a fair rotating basis.
  • Public displays need to include the teacher's goals and objectives to help educate other children, teachers, parents, administrators, cleaning staff, and others who may wonder what is being learned.
  • Teach children how to put up these orderly well designed displays by themselves.


    Discussing Student Work  (the dreaded critique)
    • The teacher's main roles are to ask questions and reinforce articulate comments from students. Look for specific positive attributes to discuss. Some teachers find this difficult because it is so easy to see mistakes in student work and talk about them.  When we make suggestions or when we say what is 'wrong' with the work, we are implying that art is supposed to look a certain way.  Too often this is simply the teacher's way.  When negative comments are made, student artists become discouraged and often stop trying.
    • Students must be allowed ownership.  Students do not make perfect work, but they make real work that reflects their own efforts.  There is a lot to learn from student efforts without being negative.
    • In a negative and judgmental environment they tend to do as little as they feel they can get by with.  They ask, "Is this good enough?"
    • They should ask, "What else does it need?"  At this point the teacher does not make a suggestion, but turns the question back to the student, "What are some things you can think of?"  "What part is working best for you so far?"  "Good. How could you make the rest work that well?"
    • Try questions like: "What do you notice first when you look at this one by . . . . "  "Why do we notice that?"  "Did somebody notice something different?" "Can somebody explain the reason for that?"  "Which is one of most original approaches you see?"  " What is different about it?"  Do not allow negative remarks. When a positive remark is made, ask for elaboration.  Be sure reasons are articulated.  Use a lot of encouraging comments like, "Very good, thank you for explaining that."
    • It can be good to speculate about the meaning of their pictures (interpretation).  Making up titles helps with this.  After others have given their ideas, give the creator a chance to give an answer.
    • We can ask about the art elements and compositional principles in the work.  "Can somebody find an example where somebody used contrasting size to make something more important in the picture?"  "Is there an example where somebody used several different textures to make a picture look more interesting?"
    • Sometimes, use written questions. Be sure to ask the students to write open questions that can be answered several ways.
    • Ask the students, "What are your ideas for other kinds of art projects you could do now to learn more about what you just learned?"  "What could you do now to practice so you get even better at what you just did?"  Art is a life-long thought process and practice.  We never arrive, we are on journey.  We are in a search.
    • If discussions are too long, try working with small groups as they finish their work.  Or, try a rotation system where you only discuss one third of the works each time, but all students get equal turns.

Art History
  • After completing their own work, students will be interested in seeing how other artists have approached similar subjects.
  • After drawing rabbits, they will notice more about Albrecht Durer's rendering of a Young Hare .
  • On the left the class is discussing prehistoric animal drawings that were discovered in caves in France .
  • In addition to "What do you notice" and "why" questions, students can be asked to speculate about reasons these animal drawings were created.
  • After exhausting the student ideas, a teacher could also add what "some people think" about the reasons.











  • NOTE on IMAGE SOURCES












Art in Everyday Life and Review Again
Review is very efficient use of class time.  Sometimes there is a minute or two after cleanup time before the bell rings.  Even if the bell rings before a question is answered, it is still good to raise the question.
  1. "In what country would you find very old animal drawings in caves?"
  2. "How are cave drawings and graffiti we see on train cars similar and different"
  3. "If the animal drawings in the caves were about hunting for food, what could we draw to put on our walls in our cafeteria about how we get our food?"
  4. "How does a contour line feeling change as you change the speed of your hand motion when you draw?"
  5. "What skills other than drawing are useful for artists?"
  6. "Can you describe an example of when expressionism is more artistic than realism?"
Review is even more effective if it is repeated at the beginning of the next session a day or more later.  When a teacher expect students to remember things from session to session, students thinking habits can be encouraged to remember.

Credits: This lesson was inspired by a similar lesson developed and taught by Goshen College art students, Patty Brown, Marlea Hershberger, Crystal Kempher, and Tiffany Wyse. We appreciate the cooperation of teachers, administration and especially the students of St. John's Catholic School, Goshen, IN, for their cooperation.



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©  This lesson was written by Marvin Bartel, all rights reserved.  You are invited to link this page to your page. For permission to reproduce or copy photos, text, or layout, or to place this page on your site or to make printed copies, e-mail: marvinpb@goshen.edu

Goshen College students are permitted to make a copy for their own use.

Marvin Bartel, Ed.D., Professor of Art
Goshen College, 1700 South Main St., Goshen IN 46526
fax: 219-535-7660

updated: December, 2001

NOTE on IMAGE SOURCES
One way to show copyrighted Internet images to a class is to use a computer projector or large computer monitor and show the actual web page to the students.  This would not be making a copy and would probably be legal for educational use (but not for business use).  If this is not feasible, it is possible to make a printed transparency of an image for limited classroom use for a spontaneous need. In any case, the publisher should be credited so the source is projected with the image. If an image is used on a regular and/or repeated basis, the teacher should ask the school to get written permission and/or purchase authorization, or purchase a reproduction or slide. The last thing a teacher wants is for the school to become the plaintive in a copyright case.  Printed reproductions offer an advantage over slides in that they can be displayed for a time in the classroom. Some art teachers make a practice of checking out several beautiful art books from the public library for their their students to enjoy when they finish their work. This is free and legal.

Technically, it is quite easy to take images from most web sites.  Using a web browser running under Windows, one simply holds down the right mouse button on an image to save it as a .jpg.  On a Mac operating system, one simply holds the main mouse button until the dialog box appears.  Of course lots of things are possible that are not legal.

If anybody who is more experienced with copyright law reads this, please e-mail me and I will try to correct any errors.

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For more about how to "copy" an Internet image for teaching
marvinpb@goshen.edu